NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence.  It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause. A noun clause has its own subject and verb. It can begin with a question word. It can begin with if or whether. And it can begin with that. 

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as subject and object of the sentence.

Noun clauses can be initiated by:

Ø  Question word or relative pronoun question whether a single word or phrase:
           o Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
           o Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
           o Question word + infinitive.

Ø  Conjunction (i.e. whether and if).

Ø  That or the fact that.

FORMULA :

S+V+O

                                                         
1. Single question words.

            Noun clauses can be placed at the beginning of a sentence (as subject) or as an object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentences into sentences, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slightly modified words. The above example becomes:

    1. It is still unknown where she is now.
    2. Do you know when They arrive?
    3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of movies, noun clause what you did last summer did not need to be rotated position.

2. Question words ever + / soever

            Except how, at the end of question words can ever or soever be added Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, that it / was, living combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called transition words that mean yet / even if the case) are not included in this category.

3. Question words + nouns

            Question words + nouns that are used among other things: what time (time), what day (any day), what time (time), what kind (kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

example:

    A. I can not remember what day we will take the exam.
    2. As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from. (= loyal faithful).
    3. Do you know what time it is?
    4. I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question words + adjectives

            Question + words frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long), how far (how far), how old (how old / aged), ect.

example:

    A. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
    2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
    3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

B. Noun clauses beginning with whether / if

            Whether could be followed by the OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the same, although OR / NOT is not mentioned (this depends on the context of the sentence). For use if, in addition to conjunctions discussed topic, the topic was also dealt with conditionals. Note: whether the same pronunciation with the weather (weather), his writing is also similar. Be careful, do not be confused.

C. Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact That

            That means that here, while the fact That means the fact that. Meanwhile, that means that the adjective clauses.

example:

    A. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of People that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
    2. It is the fact That the world is round = the fact That the world is round is well known.
    3. It was obvious she was very sick That = The fact she was very sick That was obvious.
    4. It seems a That it is going to rain soon.

KEY ANSWER :

1)    Is Maria at home?

               I don't know if Maria is at home.

2)     Does this bus go to Los Angeles?

               I don't know if this bus goes to Los Angeles.

3)     Did Juan go to Mexico?

               I wonder if Juan went to Mexico.

4)    How old is Kate?

I don't know how old she is.

5)    Where did Juan go?

I don't know where he went.

Conjunctions

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence. Here are some example conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions	Subordinating Conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so	although, because, since, unless

We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.

Form

Conjunctions have three basic forms:

• Single Word
  for example: and, but, because, although
• Compound (often ending with as or that)
  for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
• Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
  for example: so...that

Function

Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
  - Jack and Jill went up the hill.
  - The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
  - I went swimming although it was cold.
• Position

• Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
• Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though	if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that	though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

 KEY ANSWER :

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1. Secretary to Boss: Do you want anything else ____ can I go home now?

and
or
but

2. I love to travel _____ I hate travelling by bus.

so
or
but

3. I'm bored! Let's go out to dinner _____ see a movie.

so
but
and 

4. I like living in the city _____ my brother prefers living in the country.

so
or
but 

5. Betty's just got a promotion at work ____ she's very happy.

or
so
but

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TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS ( Adjective clause and Direct Indirect speech )

Adverbial clause

 An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.

• I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases.

• We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
• We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

• I like to fly kites for fun.

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause	common conjunctions	function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses	so...that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

QUESTION :

1.     How does John play tennis?

John plays tennis aggressively.

2.     What kind of house do they have?

They have a small house.

3.     When did Steven call the police?

Steven called the police immediately.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH                      

	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
statement	She lives in London.	that she lived in London
question with interrogative	Where does she live ?	where she lived.
question without interrogative	Does she live in London?	whether she lived in London. He asked if she lived in London.

You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:

·        by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

·        by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct Speech

                  

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.

Examples:

She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Indirect Speech

We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.

Example:

• Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then.

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

Example:

• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell.

Example:

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

Example:

• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination.

QUESTION :

1.     Where is the Post Office, please?”

She asked me where the Post Office was.

2.      “What are you doing?”

She asked me what I was doing.

3.     “Who was that fantastic man?”

She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

4.     “Would you mind coming early tomorrow?”

She asked me to come early the next day.

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